The Georgia Constitution

To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution.

Paragraph I

Life, liberty, and property

Paragraph II

Protection to person and property; equal protection

Paragraph III

Freedom of conscience

Paragraph IV

Religious opinions; freedom of religion

Paragraph V

Freedom of speech and of the press guaranteed

Paragraph VI

Libel

Paragraph VII

Citizens, protection of

Paragraph VIII

Arms, right to keep and bear

Paragraph IX

Right to assemble and petition

Paragraph X

Bill of attainder; ex post facto laws; and retroactive laws

Paragraph XI

Right to trial by jury; number of jurors; selection and compensation of jurors

Paragraph XII

Right to the courts

Paragraph XIII

Searches, seizures, and warrants

Paragraph XIV

Benefit of counsel; accusation; list of witnesses; compulsory process

Paragraph XV

Habeas corpus

Paragraph XVI

Self-incrimination

Paragraph XVII

Bail; fines; punishment; arrest, abuse of prisoners

Paragraph XVIII

Jeopardy of life or liberty more than once forbidden

Paragraph XIX

Treason

Paragraph XX

Conviction, effect of

Paragraph XXI

Banishment and whipping as punishment for crime

Paragraph XXII

Involuntary servitude

Paragraph XXIII

Imprisonment for debt

Paragraph XXIV

Costs

Paragraph XXV

Status of the citizen

Paragraph XXVI

Exemptions from levy and sale

Paragraph XXVII

Spouse’s separate property

Paragraph XXVIII
Last Amended 2007

Fishing and hunting

Paragraph XXIX
Last Amended 2007

Enumeration of rights not denial of others

Paragraph XXX
Last Amended 2019

Rights of certain individuals

Paragraph I

Origin and foundation of government

Paragraph II

Object of government

Paragraph III

Separation of legislative, judicial, and executive powers

Paragraph IV

Contempts

Paragraph V
Last Amended 2021

What acts void

Paragraph VI

Superiority of civil authority

Paragraph VII

Separation of church and state

Paragraph VIII

Lotteries and nonprofit bingo games

Paragraph IX

Sovereign immunity and waiver thereof; claims against the state and its departments, agencies, officers, and employees

Paragraph I

Eminent domain

Paragraph II

Private ways

Paragraph III

Tidewater titles confirmed

Paragraph I

Recognition of marriage

Paragraph I

Method of voting

Paragraph II

Right to register and vote

Paragraph III

Exceptions to right to register and vote

Paragraph I

Procedures to be provided by law

Paragraph II

Run-off election

Paragraph III

Persons not eligible to hold office

Paragraph IV

Recall of public officials holding elective office

Paragraph V

Vacancies created by elected officials qualifying for other office

Paragraph I
Last Amended 2023

Procedures for and effect of suspending or removing public officials upon felony indictment

Paragraph II

Suspension upon felony conviction

Paragraph I

Power vested in General Assembly

Paragraph I

Senate and House of Representatives

Paragraph II

Apportionment of General Assembly

Paragraph III

Qualifications of members of General Assembly

Paragraph IV

Disqualifications

Paragraph V

Election and term of members

Paragraph I

President and President Pro Tempore of the Senate

Paragraph II

Speaker and Speaker Pro Tempore of the House of Representatives

Paragraph III

Other officers of the two houses

Paragraph I

Meeting, time limit, and adjournment

Paragraph II

Oath of members

Paragraph III

Quorum

Paragraph IV

Rules of procedure; employees; interim committees

Paragraph V

Vacancies

Paragraph VI

Salaries

Paragraph VII

Election and returns; disorderly conduct

Paragraph VIII

Contempts, how punished

Paragraph IX

Privilege of members

Paragraph X

Elections by either house

Paragraph XI

Open meetings

Paragraph I

Journals and laws

Paragraph II

Bills for revenue

Paragraph III

One subject matter expressed

Paragraph IV

Statutes and sections of Code, how amended

Paragraph V

Majority of members to pass bill

Paragraph VI

When roll-call vote taken

Paragraph VII

Reading of general bills

Paragraph VIII

Procedure for considering local legislation

Paragraph IX

Advertisement of notice to introduce local legislation

Paragraph X

Acts signed

Paragraph XI

Signature of Governor

Paragraph XII

Rejected bills

Paragraph XIII

Approval, veto, and override of veto of bills and resolutions

Paragraph XIV

Jointly sponsored bills and resolutions

Paragraph I

General powers

Paragraph II

Specific powers

Paragraph III

Powers not to be abridged

Paragraph IV

Limitations on special legislation

Paragraph V
Last Amended 2010

Specific limitations

Paragraph VI

Gratuities

Paragraph VII

Regulation of alcoholic beverages

Paragraph I

Power to impeach

Paragraph II

Trial of impeachments

Paragraph III

Judgments in impeachment

Paragraph I

Regulation of insurance

Paragraph II

Issuance of licenses

Paragraph I

Public money, how drawn

Paragraph II

Preparation, submission, and enactments of general appropriations bill

Paragraph III

General appropriations bill

Paragraph IV

General appropriations Act

Paragraph V

Other or supplementary appropriations

Paragraph VI
Last Amended 2021

Appropriations to be for specific sums

Paragraph VII

Appropriations void, when

Paragraph I

Expenditure of public funds authorized

Paragraph II

Increasing benefits authorized

Paragraph III

Retirement systems covering employees of county boards of education

Paragraph IV

Firemen’s Pension System

Paragraph V

Funding standards

Paragraph V-A

Limitation on involuntary separation benefits for Governor of the State of Georgia

Paragraph VI

Involuntary separation; part-time service

Paragraph I

Public Service Commission

Paragraph I

State Board of Pardons and Paroles

Paragraph II

Powers and authority

Paragraph I

State Personnel Board

Paragraph II

Veterans preference

Paragraph I

State Transportation Board; commissioner

Paragraph I

Veterans Service Board; commissioner

Paragraph I

Board of Natural Resources

Paragraph I

Qualifications, compensation, and removal from office

Paragraph II

Powers and duties

Paragraph I

Governor: term of office; compensation and allowances

Paragraph II

Election for Governor

Paragraph III

Lieutenant Governor

Paragraph IV

Qualifications of Governor and Lieutenant Governor

Paragraph V

Succession to executive power

Paragraph VI

Oath of office

Paragraph I

Executive powers

Paragraph II

Law enforcement

Paragraph III

Commander in chief

Paragraph IV

Veto power

Paragraph V

Writs of election

Paragraph VI

Information and recommendations to the General Assembly

Paragraph VII

Special sessions of the General Assembly

Paragraph VIII

Filling vacancies

Paragraph IX

Appointments by Governor

Paragraph X

Information from officers and employees

Paragraph I

Other executive officers, how elected

Paragraph II

Qualifications

Paragraph III

Powers, duties, compensation, and allowances of other executive officers

Paragraph IV

Attorney General; duties

Paragraph I

“Elected constitutional executive officer,” how defined

Paragraph II

Procedure for determining disability

Paragraph III

Effect of determination of disability

Paragraph I
Last Amended 2019

Judicial power of the state

Paragraph II

Unified judicial system

Paragraph III

Judges; exercise of power outside own court; scope of term “judge.”

Paragraph IV
Last Amended 2019

Exercise of judicial power

Paragraph V
Last Amended 2019

Uniformity of jurisdiction, powers, etc.

Paragraph VI
Last Amended 2019

Judicial circuits; courts in each county; court sessions

Paragraph VII

Judicial circuits, courts, and judgeships, law changed

Paragraph VIII

Transfer of cases

Paragraph IX

Rules of evidence; law prescribed

Paragraph X

Authorization for pilot projects

Paragraph I

Divorce cases

Paragraph II

Land titles

Paragraph III

Equity cases

Paragraph IV

Suits against joint obligors, copartners, or joint trespassers.

Paragraph V

Suits against maker, endorser, etc.

Paragraph VI

All other cases

Paragraph VII

Venue in third-party practice

Paragraph VIII

Power to change venue

Paragraph IX
Last Amended 2019

Venue of state-wide business court

Paragraph I

Jurisdiction of classes of courts of limited jurisdiction

Paragraph II
Last Amended 2019

Jurisdiction of state-wide business court

Paragraph I
Last Amended 2019

Jurisdiction of superior courts

Paragraph I

Composition of Court of Appeals; Chief Judge

Paragraph II

Panels as prescribed

Paragraph III

Jurisdiction of Court of Appeals; decisions binding

Paragraph IV

Certification of question to Supreme Court

Paragraph V

Equal division of court

Paragraph I

Composition of Supreme Court; Chief Justice; Presiding Justice; quorum; substitute judges

Paragraph II

Exclusive appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court

Paragraph III

General appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court

Paragraph IV

Jurisdiction over questions of law from state appellate or federal district or appellate courts

Paragraph V

Review of cases in Court of Appeals

Paragraph VI

Decisions of Supreme Court binding

Paragraph I
Last Amended 2019

Selection; term of office

Paragraph II
Last Amended 2019

Qualifications

Paragraph III

Vacancies

Paragraph IV

Period of service of appointees

Paragraph V

Compensation and allowances of judges

Paragraph VI
Last Amended 2017

Judicial Qualifications Commission; power; composition

Paragraph VII
Last Amended 2017

Discipline, removal, and involuntary retirement of judges

Paragraph VIII

Due process; review by Supreme Court

Paragraph I

District attorneys; vacancies; qualifications; compensation; duties; immunity

Paragraph II

Discipline, removal, and involuntary retirement of district attorneys

Paragraph I

Administration of the judicial system; uniform court rules; advice and consent of councils

Paragraph II

Disposition of cases

Paragraph I

Effect of ratification

Paragraph II

Continuation of judges

Paragraph I

Taxation; limitations on grants of tax powers

Paragraph II

Taxing power limited

Paragraph III
Last Amended 2023

Uniformity; classification of property; assessment of agricultural land; utilities

Paragraph I

Unauthorized tax exemptions void

Paragraph II

Exemptions from taxation of property

Paragraph III

Exemptions which may be authorized locally

Paragraph IV

Current property tax exemptions preserved

Paragraph II

Disabled veteran’s homestead exemption

Paragraph I

State grants; adjustment amount

Paragraph I

Taxation; purposes for which powers may be exercised

Paragraph II

Revenue to be paid into general fund

Paragraph III

Grants to counties and municipalities

Paragraph IV
Last Amended 2015

Increase in state income tax prohibited

Paragraph I

Purposes for which debt may be incurred

Paragraph II

State general obligation debt and guaranteed revenue debt; limitations

Paragraph III

State general obligation debt and guaranteed revenue debt; conditions upon issuance; sinking funds and reserve funds

Paragraph IV

Certain contracts prohibited

Paragraph V

Refunding of debt

Paragraph VI

Faith and credit of state pledged debt may be validated

Paragraph VII

Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission; duties

Paragraph VIII

State aid forbidden

Paragraph IX

Construction

Paragraph X

Assumption of debts forbidden; exceptions

Paragraph XI

Section not to unlawfully impair contracts or revive obligations previously voided

Paragraph XII
Last Amended 2010

Multiyear contracts for energy efficiency or conservation improvement

Paragraph XIII
Last Amended 2012

Multiyear rental agreements

Paragraph I

Public education; free public education prior to college or postsecondary level; support by taxation

Paragraph I

State Board of Education

Paragraph I

State School Superintendent

Paragraph IV

University System of Georgia; board of regents

Paragraph V

School systems continued; consolidation of school systems authorized; new independent school systems prohibited.

Paragraph II

Boards of education

Paragraph III

School superintendents

Paragraph IV
Repealed 1992

Repealed

Paragraph V

Power of boards to contract with each other

Paragraph VI

Power of boards to accept bequests, donations, grants, and transfers

Paragraph VII

Special schools

Paragraph I

Local taxation for education

Paragraph II

Increasing or removing tax rate

Paragraph III

School tax collection reimbursement

Paragraph IV
Last Amended 2019

Sales tax for educational purposes

Paragraph I

Educational assistance programs authorized

Paragraph II

Guaranteed revenue debt

Paragraph III

Public authorities

Paragraph IV

Waiver of tuition

Paragraph I

Counties a body corporate and politic

Paragraph II

Number of counties limited; county boundaries and county sites; county consolidation

Paragraph III

County officers; election; term; compensation

Paragraph IV

Civil services systems

Paragraph I

Home rule for counties

Paragraph II

Home rule for municipalities

Paragraph III

Supplementary powers

Paragraph IV

Planning and zoning

Paragraph V
Last Amended 2007

Eminent domain

Paragraph VI

Special districts

Paragraph VII
Last Amended 2009

Community redevelopment

Paragraph VIII

Limitation on the taxing power and contributions of counties, municipalities, and political subdivisions

Paragraph IX

Immunity of counties, municipalities, and school districts

Paragraph I

Intergovernmental contracts

Paragraph II

Local government reorganization

Paragraph I

Power of taxation

Paragraph II

Power of expenditure

Paragraph III

Purposes of taxation; allocation of taxes

Paragraph IV

Tax allocation; regional facilities

Paragraph I

Debt limitations of counties, municipalities, and other political subdivisions

Paragraph II

Special district debt

Paragraph III

Refunding of outstanding indebtedness

Paragraph IV

Exceptions to debt limitations

Paragraph V

Temporary loans authorized

Paragraph VI

Levy of taxes to pay bonds; sinking fund required

Paragraph VII

Validity of prior bond issues

Paragraph I

Revenue bonds; general limitations

Paragraph II

Revenue bonds; special limitations

Paragraph III

Development authorities

Paragraph IV

Validation

Paragraph V

Validity of prior revenue bond issues

Paragraph I

Creation

Paragraph II

Purposes

Paragraph III

Administration

Paragraph IV

Debt

Paragraph V

Cooperation with local governments

Paragraph VI

Regulation by general law

Paragraph I

Proposals to amend the Constitution; new Constitution

Paragraph II

Proposals by the General Assembly; submission to the people

Paragraph III

Repeal or amendment of proposal

Paragraph IV

Constitutional convention; how called

Paragraph V

Veto not permitted

Paragraph VI

Effective date of amendments or of a new Constitution

Paragraph I

Continuation of officers, boards, commissions, and authorities

Paragraph II

Preservation of existing laws; judicial review

Paragraph III

Proceedings of courts and administrative tribunals confirmed

Paragraph IV
Last Amended 2010

Continuation of certain constitutional amendments for a period of four years

Paragraph V

Special commission created

Paragraph VI

Effective date