The Georgia Constitution
To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution.
Paragraph I
Life, liberty, and property
Paragraph II
Protection to person and property; equal protection
Paragraph III
Freedom of conscience
Paragraph IV
Religious opinions; freedom of religion
Paragraph V
Freedom of speech and of the press guaranteed
Paragraph VI
Libel
Paragraph VII
Citizens, protection of
Paragraph VIII
Arms, right to keep and bear
Paragraph IX
Right to assemble and petition
Paragraph X
Bill of attainder; ex post facto laws; and retroactive laws
Paragraph XI
Right to trial by jury; number of jurors; selection and compensation of jurors
Paragraph XII
Right to the courts
Paragraph XIII
Searches, seizures, and warrants
Paragraph XIV
Benefit of counsel; accusation; list of witnesses; compulsory process
Paragraph XV
Habeas corpus
Paragraph XVI
Self-incrimination
Paragraph XVII
Bail; fines; punishment; arrest, abuse of prisoners
Paragraph XVIII
Jeopardy of life or liberty more than once forbidden
Paragraph XIX
Treason
Paragraph XX
Conviction, effect of
Paragraph XXI
Banishment and whipping as punishment for crime
Paragraph XXII
Involuntary servitude
Paragraph XXIII
Imprisonment for debt
Paragraph XXIV
Costs
Paragraph XXV
Status of the citizen
Paragraph XXVI
Exemptions from levy and sale
Paragraph XXVII
Spouse’s separate property
Paragraph XXVIII
Last Amended
2007
Fishing and hunting
Paragraph XXIX
Last Amended
2007
Enumeration of rights not denial of others
Paragraph XXX
Last Amended
2019
Rights of certain individuals
Paragraph I
Origin and foundation of government
Paragraph II
Object of government
Paragraph III
Separation of legislative, judicial, and executive powers
Paragraph IV
Contempts
Paragraph V
Last Amended
2021
What acts void
Paragraph VI
Superiority of civil authority
Paragraph VII
Separation of church and state
Paragraph VIII
Lotteries and nonprofit bingo games
Paragraph IX
Sovereign immunity and waiver thereof; claims against the state and its departments, agencies, officers, and employees
Paragraph I
Meeting, time limit, and adjournment
Paragraph II
Oath of members
Paragraph III
Quorum
Paragraph IV
Rules of procedure; employees; interim committees
Paragraph V
Vacancies
Paragraph VI
Salaries
Paragraph VII
Election and returns; disorderly conduct
Paragraph VIII
Contempts, how punished
Paragraph IX
Privilege of members
Paragraph X
Elections by either house
Paragraph XI
Open meetings
Paragraph I
Journals and laws
Paragraph II
Bills for revenue
Paragraph III
One subject matter expressed
Paragraph IV
Statutes and sections of Code, how amended
Paragraph V
Majority of members to pass bill
Paragraph VI
When roll-call vote taken
Paragraph VII
Reading of general bills
Paragraph VIII
Procedure for considering local legislation
Paragraph IX
Advertisement of notice to introduce local legislation
Paragraph X
Acts signed
Paragraph XI
Signature of Governor
Paragraph XII
Rejected bills
Paragraph XIII
Approval, veto, and override of veto of bills and resolutions
Paragraph XIV
Jointly sponsored bills and resolutions
Paragraph I
Public money, how drawn
Paragraph II
Preparation, submission, and enactments of general appropriations bill
Paragraph III
General appropriations bill
Paragraph IV
General appropriations Act
Paragraph V
Other or supplementary appropriations
Paragraph VI
Last Amended
2021
Appropriations to be for specific sums
Paragraph VII
Appropriations void, when
Paragraph I
Expenditure of public funds authorized
Paragraph II
Increasing benefits authorized
Paragraph III
Retirement systems covering employees of county boards of education
Paragraph IV
Firemen’s Pension System
Paragraph V
Funding standards
Paragraph V-A
Limitation on involuntary separation benefits for Governor of the State of Georgia
Paragraph VI
Involuntary separation; part-time service
Paragraph I
Executive powers
Paragraph II
Law enforcement
Paragraph III
Commander in chief
Paragraph IV
Veto power
Paragraph V
Writs of election
Paragraph VI
Information and recommendations to the General Assembly
Paragraph VII
Special sessions of the General Assembly
Paragraph VIII
Filling vacancies
Paragraph IX
Appointments by Governor
Paragraph X
Information from officers and employees
Paragraph I
Last Amended
2019
Judicial power of the state
Paragraph II
Unified judicial system
Paragraph III
Judges; exercise of power outside own court; scope of term “judge.”
Paragraph IV
Last Amended
2019
Exercise of judicial power
Paragraph V
Last Amended
2019
Uniformity of jurisdiction, powers, etc.
Paragraph VI
Last Amended
2019
Judicial circuits; courts in each county; court sessions
Paragraph VII
Judicial circuits, courts, and judgeships, law changed
Paragraph VIII
Transfer of cases
Paragraph IX
Rules of evidence; law prescribed
Paragraph X
Authorization for pilot projects
Paragraph I
Divorce cases
Paragraph II
Land titles
Paragraph III
Equity cases
Paragraph IV
Suits against joint obligors, copartners, or joint trespassers.
Paragraph V
Suits against maker, endorser, etc.
Paragraph VI
All other cases
Paragraph VII
Venue in third-party practice
Paragraph VIII
Power to change venue
Paragraph IX
Last Amended
2019
Venue of state-wide business court
Paragraph I
Composition of Supreme Court; Chief Justice; Presiding Justice; quorum; substitute judges
Paragraph II
Exclusive appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court
Paragraph III
General appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court
Paragraph IV
Jurisdiction over questions of law from state appellate or federal district or appellate courts
Paragraph V
Review of cases in Court of Appeals
Paragraph VI
Decisions of Supreme Court binding
Paragraph I
Last Amended
2019
Selection; term of office
Paragraph II
Last Amended
2019
Qualifications
Paragraph III
Vacancies
Paragraph IV
Period of service of appointees
Paragraph V
Compensation and allowances of judges
Paragraph VI
Last Amended
2017
Judicial Qualifications Commission; power; composition
Paragraph VII
Last Amended
2017
Discipline, removal, and involuntary retirement of judges
Paragraph VIII
Due process; review by Supreme Court
Paragraph I
Purposes for which debt may be incurred
Paragraph II
State general obligation debt and guaranteed revenue debt; limitations
Paragraph III
State general obligation debt and guaranteed revenue debt; conditions upon issuance; sinking funds and reserve funds
Paragraph IV
Certain contracts prohibited
Paragraph V
Refunding of debt
Paragraph VI
Faith and credit of state pledged debt may be validated
Paragraph VII
Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission; duties
Paragraph VIII
State aid forbidden
Paragraph IX
Construction
Paragraph X
Assumption of debts forbidden; exceptions
Paragraph XI
Section not to unlawfully impair contracts or revive obligations previously voided
Paragraph XII
Last Amended
2010
Multiyear contracts for energy efficiency or conservation improvement
Paragraph XIII
Last Amended
2012
Multiyear rental agreements
Paragraph V
School systems continued; consolidation of school systems authorized; new independent school systems prohibited.
Paragraph II
Boards of education
Paragraph III
School superintendents
Paragraph IV
Repealed
1992
Repealed
Paragraph V
Power of boards to contract with each other
Paragraph VI
Power of boards to accept bequests, donations, grants, and transfers
Paragraph VII
Special schools
Paragraph I
Home rule for counties
Paragraph II
Home rule for municipalities
Paragraph III
Supplementary powers
Paragraph IV
Planning and zoning
Paragraph V
Last Amended
2007
Eminent domain
Paragraph VI
Special districts
Paragraph VII
Last Amended
2009
Community redevelopment
Paragraph VIII
Limitation on the taxing power and contributions of counties, municipalities, and political subdivisions
Paragraph IX
Immunity of counties, municipalities, and school districts
Paragraph I
Debt limitations of counties, municipalities, and other political subdivisions
Paragraph II
Special district debt
Paragraph III
Refunding of outstanding indebtedness
Paragraph IV
Exceptions to debt limitations
Paragraph V
Temporary loans authorized
Paragraph VI
Levy of taxes to pay bonds; sinking fund required
Paragraph VII
Validity of prior bond issues
Paragraph I
Proposals to amend the Constitution; new Constitution
Paragraph II
Proposals by the General Assembly; submission to the people
Paragraph III
Repeal or amendment of proposal
Paragraph IV
Constitutional convention; how called
Paragraph V
Veto not permitted
Paragraph VI
Effective date of amendments or of a new Constitution
Paragraph I
Continuation of officers, boards, commissions, and authorities
Paragraph II
Preservation of existing laws; judicial review
Paragraph III
Proceedings of courts and administrative tribunals confirmed
Paragraph IV
Last Amended
2010
Continuation of certain constitutional amendments for a period of four years
Paragraph V
Special commission created
Paragraph VI